文正仁:“中国模式”引领全球发展
2024-03-01 来源:中国国家创新与发展战略研究会

每当提起中国,韩国前总统统一外交安保事务特别助理文正仁便不禁慨叹其过去四五十年日新月异的发展。在他眼里,中国实现了和平崛起,持续推动着经济发展,同时与邻国及世界各国保持和平往来。但邻国韩国的民众又是如何看待中国崛起的呢?韩国社会中“友华派”怎么想,部分人士的“嫌中”情绪又是从何而来?中国应该如何打破偏见,在经济体量不断壮大的同时,展现好“可亲可爱可敬”的形象,进而向世界展示一个真实、全面的中国?在本集节目中,文正仁将从韩国视角为您解读中国的崛起。


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很荣幸也很高兴站在暨南大学这所知名学府的讲台上。

中国发展日新月异,令人赞叹。经过四十多年的改革开放,中国已经跃升为世界第二大经济体,成为全球最大的贸易国,中国也已成为全球商品制造“工厂”和全球供应链的中心,这一系列变化令人叹为观止。如今,中国已全面建成小康社会,如期在中国共产党建党一百周年之际实现了第一个百年奋斗目标,实现了和平崛起。中国持续推动经济发展、促进社会公平,同时,与邻国及世界各国保持和平往来。中国已经形成了新的发展模式,即“中国模式”或称为“北京共识”,并已在全球范围内广受认同。不仅如此,中国为国际社会做出了重要贡献。习近平主席提出了全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议以及全球文明倡议,这三大倡议意在为国际社会发展做出更大贡献,与国际社会分享中国过去四五十年来取得的发展成果。中国的伟大变革着实令人钦佩。

当然,挑战依然存在。中国正面临“中等收入陷阱”,还有格雷厄姆·艾利森提出的“修昔底德陷阱”以及社会中的长期性问题,如社会收入分配与财富分配不均、失业等问题。但我相信,中国有能力克服这些挑战。

至于韩国人如何看待中国的崛起,说实话观点各异。一部分韩国人对中国的崛起持负面观点。他们认为中国的崛起会“威胁”朝鲜半岛的繁荣和稳定,因此主张加强韩国与美国的同盟关系,同时提倡加强韩美日三边安全合作,并积极参与“四方安全对话”机制,他们积极响应美国的印太战略,以此围堵和遏制中国。这种主张与往届韩国政府有所不同,他们认为虽然韩国应该与中国保持良好关系,但必须意识到两国之间的差异,他们支持所谓的“民主国家联盟”,认为中国有着不同的价值观。因此,他们主张中国人所说的“和而不同”,但中国人在承认差异的同时强调要寻求和谐共存,而他们则把重心放在差异而非共同点上。韩国还有另一个群体属于自由派和进步派人士,他们对中国的崛起更加乐观。他们认为中国的崛起意味着和平与稳定,还能促进朝鲜半岛繁荣发展,这些人主张韩国在保持与美国同盟关系的同时,应当加强与中国的战略合作伙伴关系。在他们看来,中国是促进朝鲜半岛繁荣的关键,因为中国对朝鲜有很大的影响力,中国能够有效阻止朝鲜发起挑衅行为。此外,他们认为中国对于维护东北亚地区的和平稳定至关重要,主张加强与中国的合作,践行开放的区域主义和多边主义。有别于“和而不同”,这一群体主张“求同存异”,强调与中国的共同点,同时搁置差异。因此,韩国内部有两种不同的思维范式。

当前,韩国由保守派政府当政,此前的自由进步派政府曾强调与中国密切合作,但如今的发展趋势不容乐观。首先,韩国的反华情绪日益高涨,这可不是个好现象,尽管韩流文化在中国广受欢迎,但韩国民众对中国的看法正逐渐变得不那么积极,这种变化与西方媒体的影响有关。但无可否认,韩国民众对中国的整体看法并不太积极。因此,我认为必须努力改变。如今,外交工作不能只依靠政府,民间交往能够发挥重要作用,智库、学者、媒体等都扮演了重要角色。其次,我认为人与人之间的交流合作极为重要,民意决定政治的走向,如果人们对中国有更深入的了解,而他们又能够影响韩国的政治走向,那么自然而然中韩双边关系也将得到促进。最后,现实情况是国际社会确实对中国存在误解和偏见。我认为,中国政府和人民应共同努力破除这些固有偏见,驳斥那些试图妖魔化中国的言论。从这个角度出发,中国人民需要勠力同心,共同扭转世界对中国的负面认知,通过这样的努力,不仅中韩两国关系能够更加稳固,中国还能在世界舞台上展现出一个负责任的大国形象。

我坚信,中国政府和人民具备这样的智慧和能力。感谢大家的聆听。



Understanding China's peaceful rise
It is my great honor and pleasure to speak at the famous Jinan University. 
China's transformation has been marvelous.In the past 40 years of reform and opening (up), China has become second largest economy in the world, the largest trading state in the world. And China has become factory of manufactured goods in the world. China has also become center of global supply chain. These are amazing changes! And also China has been able to materialize xiaokang society, the moderately prosperous country on the occasion of 100thanniversary of Chinese Communist Party's founding. And also, China's rise has been very peaceful. China was able to sustain its economic development and enhance equality in societywhile maintaining peaceful relations with neighboring countries and other nations. And China has become a new model of development. Chinese model or Beijing Consensus have become very popular throughout the world. More than that, China has become a country of international contribution.President Xi Jinping proposed Global Development Initiative. He also proposed the Global Security Initiative, and most recently, Global Civilization Initiative. All these three initiatives aim at making greater contribution to international society through what China has achieved for the past 40 to 50 years. It's an amazing transformation. It's marvelous.
Of course, there are not without some challenges. You have a challenge of a middle-income trap; you have a challenge of Thucydides Trap, which Graham Allison actually described; and also your chronic problem ofincome and wealth inequality in Chinese society. And also, youth unemployment in China has become a big problem, too. But I personally believe that China would be able to overcome those challenges.Then how South Koreans see China's rise.South Korea is divided. A group of people in South Korea see China's rise in negative terms. They see China's rise as a threat to peace and prosperity on the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, they think that South Korea should strengthen its alliance with the United States. They also argue that South Korea should enhance trilateral security cooperation with the U.S. and Japan. And they want to join Quad. They want to pursue Indo-Pacific Strategynaturally to encircle and contain China. Their approach is somewhat different from the past governments. And they argue that we should maintain good relations with China, however, we should realize the difference with China. And they support the idea of "coalition of democracies."They think that China has a different value. Therefore, what they argue is what the Chinese call he'erbutong, while recognizing difference, but trying to maintain harmony. But they give more emphasis on difference rather than commonalities.There is one group of people, but there is another group of people in South Korea which are mostly liberals and progressive. They see China's rise as very positive –peace and stability, as well as prosperity on the Korean Peninsula. They argue that while maintaining alliance with the United States, South Korea should strengthen strategic cooperative partnership with China. They see China as a vital tool, the key to prosperity on the Korean Peninsula, because China has a great influence over North Korea (DPRK). China can make an enormous contribution in preventing North Korea (DPRK) from taking provocative behavior. And also, they argue that China is essential for the peace and stability in Northeast Asia. They emphasize more cooperation with China in the direction of open regionalism and multilateralism. They argue, as opposed to he’erbutong, they argue (the idea of) qiutongcunyi. They emphasize commonalities with China while taking aside differences. Therefore, we have two different paradigms. 
Right now, we have a conservative government in South Korea. Previously, a liberal, progressive government in South Korea had emphasized close cooperation with China, but there is one unfortunate development in South Korea. There is a rise of anti-China sentiment among people. That's very negative. I know K-culture is quite popular in China. But in South Korea, there is growing public perception of China's image. It has something to do with the influence of Western media, but it is a fact that overall public perception of China has not been very favorable.Therefore, I think we need to overcome that kind of overall ambiance in South Korea. Nowadays, diplomacy is not the monopoly of the government. People play a very important role. Think tanks, scholars, media, they all play a very important role. Third, I would argue that people-to-people exchange and cooperation really matter. It is people who determine the nature of politics. If people have a better understanding of China, if those people shape the political nature in South Korea, then it is natural for China and South Korea to promote bilateral relations. And finally, it is an objective fact that there has been distortion and bias of China throughout the world. And I think Chinese government and people should work together to overcome the bias, even the demonization of China. In this sense, Chinese people need unity. Chinese people should work together to get rid of those kinds of negative campaigning of China in the world. In that way, China can have a better relation with South Korea. China can be a really responsible great power on the world stage. 
I firmly believe that the Chinese government and people have such kind of wisdom and competence.Thank you very much.